World Bank Umbrella Facility for Trade
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Nytt stöd till Världsbanksgruppens nya övergripande handelsfond, "Umbrella Facility for Trade" (UF-Trade). UF-Trade avser ersätta tidigare multigivarfonder utifrån en heltäckande handelsstrategi och ett sammanhängande resultatramverk. Världsbanksgruppen med sitt mandat och stora kapacitet har möjlighet att ta ett helhetsgrepp kring handelsrelaterat utvecklin...
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Nytt stöd till Världsbanksgruppens nya övergripande handelsfond, "Umbrella Facility for Trade" (UF-Trade). UF-Trade avser ersätta tidigare multigivarfonder utifrån en heltäckande handelsstrategi och ett sammanhängande resultatramverk. Världsbanksgruppen med sitt mandat och stora kapacitet har möjlighet att ta ett helhetsgrepp kring handelsrelaterat utvecklingssamarbete. Genom policypåverkan, analyser, implementering samt finansiering har de förutsättningar som ingen annan aktör har. UF-Trade bygger fortsatt på Världsbanksgruppens handelsstrategi och dess tematiska områden. Dessa är: i) konkurrenskraft och diversifiering; ii) handelsprocedurer, logistik och handelsfinansiering; iii) stöd för marknadstillträde och internationellt handelssamarbete; samt iv) hantering av chocker och stärkt inkluderande fattigdomsminskning. Utöver dessa har globala värdekedjor, regional integration och tjänstehandel identifierats som högprioriterade områden. Dessa liksom ett ökat fokus på bland annat jämställdhetsfrågor utgör ett tematiskt fönster som fördelas enligt: - Regionala och nationella insatser - "just-in-time" för hastigt uppkomna behov - globala frågor såsom forskning, påverkansarbete och framtagandet av olika verktyg Världsbanksgruppen har presenterat ett förslag på arbetsområden och aktiviteter under sex år med en totalt önskad budget på 180 miljoner USD. Svenskt stöd till UF-Trade föreslås med 90 miljoner SEK för initialt tre år. För de tre första åren är finansiering på ungefär 45-50 miljoner USD utlovade av Sverige, Nederländerna, Storbritannien, Schweiz och Norge vilket innebär att UF-Trade idag är underfinansierat gentemot önskad budget. Finansieringen för de avslutande tre åren kan vara avhängigt ytterligare givare samt resultat under de första åren. Medlen ska fördelas på olika "kuvert" eller finansieringsfönster enligt följande fördelning: 1. Regionalt och nationellt arbete som kommer innebära majoriteten av aktiviteter beräknas erhålla 65% av tillgängliga medel. 2. Globala frågor och insatser relaterat till forskning, påverkansarbete globalt samt metod- och verktygsutveckling får 30% av tillgängliga medel. 3. Det sista fönstret som benämns "just-in-time" ger utrymme för hastigt uppkomna behov och till det avsätts högst 5% av budgeten. Givarna har också kommit överens med Banken att 60% av tillgängliga medel ska fokuseras på Afrika söder om Sahara och andra låginkomstländer. Då den övergripande budgeten utgör en grund för projekt och programprioriteringar finns ingen detaljerad budget för hela fonden vilket är normalt för en trust fund på exempelvis Världsbanken. Däremot finns det kriterier och tematiska prioriteringar för vad medlen får användas till. Majoriteten av pengarna går till analytiskt arbete i form av studier och behovsanalyser, forskning, utveckling av verktyg och indikatorer. Det sker som nämnts på nationell, regional och global nivå där användandet kan vara normativt eller bidra till global dialog eller som underlag för vidare implementering av större gåvo eller låneprojekt. Världsbanksgruppens administrationskostnad baseras på en standard på 17%. Inom UF-Trade kommer ett fönster finansiera aktiviteter under Världbanksgruppens "Trade Facilitation Support Program" (TFSP). TFSP:s funktion är att hjälpa utvecklingsländer med implementeringen av WTO:s Trade Facilitation Agreement. Det innebär att förenkla tull- och handelsprocedurer för att sänka transport- och transaktionskostnader i gränsöverskridande handel vilket utgör ett stort bekymmer för många utvecklingsländer. Utöver ovan nämnda givare bidrar även USA, Kanada och EU till TFSP som i dagsläget har en total budget på 36 MUSD. Sverige föreslår att 15 MSEK av det totala stödet till UF-Trade öronmärks till TFSP. Mot bakgrund att den inte finns en detaljerad budget i detta skedde anser Sida ändå att budgeten framstår som rimlig och berättigad samt att det finns en systematik för hanteringen av budgetfrågor både på projektnivå och aggregerad nivå. Givarna har också möjlighet att påverka styrningen av budgeten i dialog med Världsbanksgruppen. Sida och Världbanksgruppen avser använda avtalsmallen för multigivarfonder som förhandlades med Världsbanken inom CGOP, med justeringar för att innefatta International Finance Corporation IFC. Både Världsbanken och IFC skriver under avtalet.
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Since inception 296 activities have been launched in almost 120 countries with support from the UFT. FY22 (fiscal year 2022) included 61 allocations to new activities (US$9.7 million for a total of US$48.9 million since program inception). Below are some of the main achievements. Overall they add to the positive conclusions in the MidTerm Evaluation of 2021 on the role the UFT has had in leveraging WBG engagement on trade for the benefit of developing countries and public goods. SIGNIFICANT CATALYZING OF WBG TRADE OPERATIONS: In FY22, UF supported activities were directly informing US$4.2 billion of lending operations (US $16.2 billion since the start of the program). (DOX 008011/23, UFT Annual Report FY 2022, World Bank Group, 2023, p 7). This is overshooting expectations. The Mid Term Evaluation in 2021 also assessed this and gave concrete examples of how UFT contributions had shaped WBG lending to increasingly address trade issues based on evidence and analytics. The evaluators assessment was that this would not have been possible without the UFT support. LEVERAGING WBG's OWN RESOURCES FOR TRADE WORK: In FY22, 70% of the number of UF supported grants allocations were complemented by the WBGs own resources, totaling US$6.8 million (US$39.6 million since the start of the program complementing the US$48.9 million of UF supported work). This is overshooting the FY22 target of US$2.5 million and shows that UFT is effectively leveraging WBGs own resources. SUPPORTING THE RESPONSE TO THE WAR ON UKRAINE: Using support from the UF, the WBG has examined the trade implications of the conflict, not only on food but also on energy prices, tourism, and supply chain disruptions. Work has been done on the direct effects of the conflict, and several notes were produced to inform countries that are particularly at risk, including on GVCs, tourism, and the impact of sanctions on trade and FDI. In May 2022, a report, The Impact of the War on Ukraine on Global Trade and Investment, was published. It identifies five trade and investment channels through which countries have been affected by the war on Ukraine, including commodity markets, logistics networks, supply chains, FDI, and sectors such as tourism. At the country level, UFT support has been refocused because of the conflict. Three monitoring notes on trade in Ukraine were produced to inform the leadership of the WBG when the war hit and was shared with national counterparts. The WBG is also monitoring the impacts on the private sector, including policy changes, and is tracking business surveys. Impacts on GVCs are also being tracked, including monitoring the productivity of key industries through satellite imagery technology. This activity sheds light on some of the innovative and alternative tools that are emerging to help inform policy and country interventions. USING TRADE TO MITIGATE AND ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE: In FY22,the UF supported work that aimed to identify key policy steps that both developed and developing countries can take to ensure that trade plays its full role in supporting the transition to a low carbon future. Using support from the UF, a report was produced on the Trade and Climate Change Nexus: The Urgency and Opportunities for Developing Countries, which highlights that while trade is a cause of climate change like all sources of economic growth it can also be part of the solution. The report emphasizes that an inclusive approach to building sustainable trade should include a better understanding of the transition to a low carbon world and the impacts on the most fragile countries. The main findings from the report were disseminated at various events in FY22. In addition, as trade becomes even more important in making progress on global food security in a climate change impacted world, a paper on food security, climate change, and trade was published in the Journal of Agricultural Economics in June 2022. The article explores the interplay between climate change, the production and trade of agricultural products, and the resulting food security implications. It then examines the existing trade policies governing agricultural trade and provides recommendations for action at the global, regional, and country levels. INCORPORATING GENDER AND INCLUSION WITHIN TRADE ACTIVITIES: The UF supports activities that aim to make trade more inclusive by assessing the potential impact of changes in trade and trade policies on the poor as well as marginalized groups. In particular, the UF supports activities that use disaggregated data by gender to assess the impacts of trade policies on women and ensure that trade contributes to enhancing opportunities for all. In FY22, 23 grants in the portfolio addressed gender issues, and 36 activities directly addressed trade and poverty. For example a trade facilitation and gender survey was completed and disseminated. Through a phone survey of 1,531 trade firms and 340 customs brokers carried out across the country, the study aimed to better understand the cross border trade environment in Brazil, focusing on whether there are differences or disparities in experiences by gender, (and between those that identify as belonging to ethnic minority groups or having disabilities, where possible). The report was officially launched on International Women's Day on March 8, 2022. The UFT also supported several CEMs (Country Economic Memorandums), which had a gender component to make sure trade more equally benefits women. For instance, a CEM for the Republic of Congo draws out gender issues including through analyses of small scale trade and the impacts of trade diversification on opportunities for women with recommendations on how to overcome gender bias in agriculture. HELPING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES COMPETE GLOBALLY: Activities focus on helping client countries identify reforms to promote trade, improve trade facilitation, streamline logistics, and increase the efficiency of border management to help lower trade costs. In FY22, UFT support contributed to advancing the trade reform agenda in many developing countries, for example: Increased alignment with WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. The Trade Facilitation Support Program (TFSP) activities have helped improve TFSP client countries alignment with the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) measures and the overall alignment score has risen from 41 percent to 51 percent based on the TFA Gap Assessment. This covers legal/policy aspects, implementation procedures, and operational checks for each trade facilitation related measure ranging from pre-border processes (e.g., transparency and availability of information, consultations, advance rulings and more), at the border controls (e.g., payment, test procedures, risk management, other areas), as well as post-border (e.g., post-clearance audit). Creating Private Sector Savings through Trade Facilitation. For example two completed TFSP projects the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) regional project and South Asia regional project, generated approximately USD 6 million and USD 1 million in Private Sector Saving (PSS) respectively. The ECA projects PSS is attributable to reforms made in Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia, including roll out of AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) programs, support on risk management, and establishment of a One Stop Border Post between Serbia and North Macedonia. In South Asia, TFSP supported Nepal and Bangladesh in a variety of areas, including implementation of an Online Licensing Module (OLM) in Bangladesh and improving risk management at the Biratnagar and Birgunj border crossing posts. In Indonesia, the UF helped identify and tackle non-tariff barriers to trade, including those related to pre-shipment inspection, which it recommended be abolished. The government revoked over 20 regulations covering pre-shipmentinspection, reducing them to just six regulations and reducing the share of affected products to under three percent. Additionally, the government, in an attempt to simplify import approvals, has more than halved the associated regulations with these. In Moldova, the report What drives Buyer Supplier Linkages in Moldova? Determinants and Policy Options was prepared using support from the UF. The study provides an analysis of the linkages between foreign and domestic firms, using new survey data on their sourcing and sale patterns. The work has informed the preparation of a lending operation on MSMEs Competitiveness, which was approved by the WBG Board on June 27, 2022, for a total lending envelope of USD $50 million. The lending operation includes a program on buyer and supplier linkages. In Albania, as a follow-up to the e-commerce diagnostic supported by the UFT, which identified exports of online services as a key growth opportunity for the country, the UF provided support to the Albania Digital Jobs (DJA) initiative to train young Albanian women in web development, graphic design, and digital marketing, and help them to get started in the global online freelancing market. The emergence of an online freelancer job market is creating new opportunities for Albanians to connect with the global economy, and with support from the UFT, the first cohort of 100 women finished their online classroom technical training in FY22. The WBG is now conducting a survey to monitor results on the job market. Also, using the diagnostic, the Albanian government published its first e-commerce guide to support micro, small and medium sized enterprises (MSMEs) in starting with online trade. In Kenya, the WBG provided training to members of the Kenyan negotiating team in more than 20 chapters potentially to be included in FTA negotiations, which covered topics including: negotiations in trade, goods, and services investment government procurement intellectual property labor and environment. These training sessions were delivered over a year to more than 50 government staff involved in the negotiations. At the same time, policy notes were produced to help the negotiating team with technical issues related to specific chapters of the agreement, including: SPS measures, government procurement, and SOEs. In June 2022, an in person capacity building workshop was organized with the negotiating team for the Kenya-US FTA, to present and discuss the findings of the analysis.The activity is still ongoing, and further results will materialize if and when the negotiations are concluded, and implementation of the agreement starts. SUPPORTING INNOVATIVE TOOLS AND DATABASES: With support from the UF, more than 30 databases have been established, maintained, or expanded since the start of the program. In FY22, new databases developed included: on trade and health a new index on Digital Trade Regulatory Readiness and a dataset on subsidies. Several databases were also expanded, including the Services Trade Restrictive Index (STRI) and the Deep Trade Agreements (DTAs) database. These databases provides the foundation for trade analysis and dialogue on reform needs and options. SUPPORTING MORE RESILIENT TRADE AND PARTICIPATION IN GVCS (Global Value Chains): Using support from the UF, a new crosscountry analysis examined how participation in GVCs increases exporters vulnerability to foreign shocks but at the same time, reduces vulnerability to domestic shocks. A report, Reshaping Global Value Chains in Light of COVID19: Implications for Trade and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries, was published and launched in March 2022. The study investigates how the reshaping of GVCs impacts the poor in developing countries. It identifies policy changes governments can take individually and collectively to ensure that responses to the COVID19 crisis within GVCs act to reduce risks of future pandemics and, at the same time, drive poverty reduction. The analysis shows that well operating GVCs are a source ofresilience more than a source of vulnerability. Moreover, steps to maintain and enhance trade contribute to managing a crisis and recovery, while measures to re-shore production make all countries worse off. SUPPORTING THE RESPONSE TO AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY FROM COVID19: The pandemic has underlined the importance of trade facilitation and trade policies that support imports of critical health and food products, as well as in fostering economic recovery. In FY22, the UF helped monitor the impacts of COVID19 on trade, and continued supporting the monthly Trade Watch publication. The series relies on real-time shipping data, official trade statistics for goods and services, and other sources to provide a perspective on how trade is responding to the latest economic developments. Trade Watch has helped shape trade policy responses to the COVID19 crisis by reaching policymakers and researchers directly (13,000 downloads since the first bulletin was published in May 2020) and indirectly via multiple global and country/regional specific WBG publications that have either featured the findings reported in the Trade Watch or used its data as inputs. INFORMING DISCUSSIONS ON TRADE AND SUBSIDIES: While subsidies can serve legitimate public policy concerns, they can also have trade distortive effects imposing negative welfare effects on other trading partners and the global economy as a whole, leading to increased trade tensions. Data and analysis on subsidies are key to identifying their prevalence and the need for additional disciplines. In FY22, the UF supported a report, Subsidies, Trade, and International Cooperation, prepared by the staff of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), WBG, and WTO that was published in Spring 2022 and presented at the Spring Meetings of the IMF and WBG in Washington DC. In parallel, a database on the incidence of industrial subsidies was developed. DIGITAL TRADE REGULATION: In FY22, data was collected for 104 countries, and a report was prepared on Good Practices and Global Trends in Digital Trade Regulation. A new database on Digital Trade Regulatory Readiness is also being finalized, which offers novel data on the readiness of countries regulatory frameworks to provide answers to the new challenges of digital trade. It focuses on the horizontal regulations that provide essential tools for remote transactions, promote trust among parties, and set out rules on online platforms. An analysis of the data finds that regulatory frameworks are far from ready to address the challenges of digital trade. An average score across countries of 23.1 out of 50 points shows that digital trade regulation is at a nascent stage that remains far from providing answers to the multiple new legal issues posed by digital trade.
The intended effect of the development contribution is based on the World Bank Group's "twin goals" to increase shared prosperity, and the eradication of extreme poverty. According to the theory of change, more and better jobs, increased trade flows and raised productivity, contribute to increased incomes and to achieve these goals. The World Bank Group (WBG) analysis underpinning this theory of change, identifies a number of challenges that limit the possibilities of achieving these goals. Examples of challenges include weak diversification, high transaction and trading costs, limited market access, and the poor being those who are hardest hit by trade shocks and exclusion. The objective of the Umbrella Facility for Trade (UFT) is to provide support to developing countries towards integrating them in the global economy while increasing trade. It is based upon and supports the implementation of the World Banks Groups trade strategy which focuses on four main pillars: i) trade competitiveness and diversification ii) trade facilitation and transport logistics iii) market access and international trade cooperation and, iv) managing shocks and promoting greater inclusion. Through a number of different activities at both the country and the global level, the World Bank Group contributes to creating more competitive and open markets, export diversification, reduce trading costs, strengthened capacity in policy making and, not least, an increased and upgraded participation in global value chains. Activities supported by the UFT include analyses and research, technical assistance, development of methods and tools, and the establishment of partnerships and dialogues. The specific goals of the Umbrella Facility for Trade are to: increase the number of WBG projects that incorporate trade expand the testing, experimentation, research, and sharing of new ideas on trade gather, document, and disseminate results, data, and knowledge on trade related issues and increase the WBGs voice on global trade issues through enhanced global partnerships and engagements. Through the UFT support is also channeled to the WBGs Trade Facilitation Support Programme (TFSP) which form an integral part of the contribution. Its objective is to improve cross border trade environments and support the full and effective implementation of the World Trade Organizations Trade Facilitation Agreement (WTO TFA).
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